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        "quote": "以下处理与[10]中给出的处理类似。将假定每个热力学系统都有一类特殊的状态，称为<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:03d3ce88-0cb0-4510-9333-51e320b269f4\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-03d3ce88-0cb0-4510-9333-51e320b269f4\" id=\"first-0bfc777db849d2331419-zh\">平衡态(equilibrium state)</u>，它们构成一个$n$维流形$K$，并由一组热力学变量$\\mathbf { x } = ( x ^ { 1 } , x ^ { 2 } , \\ldots , x ^ { n } )$局部给出。维数$n$称为该热力学系统的自由度数。在物理上，我们把平衡态理解为当所有外力都被移除后系统仍保持于其中的状态。对于理想气体，有两个自由度，通常取为$x ^ { 1 } = p$和$x ^ { 2 } = V$。变量$p$称为内变量或热变量，其物理特征是：若只改变$p$而保持$V$不变，则不对系统做功，系统也不做功。诸如体积$V _ { ; }$这类变量，其改变会导致对系统做功，称为外变量或形变变量。",
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