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        "quote": "一个<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:065a4491-0bf8-406c-8c15-8091c5689490\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-065a4491-0bf8-406c-8c15-8091c5689490\" id=\"first-e0da582ef63dce2d1047-zh\">准静态过程(quasi-static process)</u>或<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:77ded77c-43ae-4c1e-a919-438378bd2042\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-77ded77c-43ae-4c1e-a919-438378bd2042\" id=\"first-7aea49360df729a2f58c-zh\">可逆过程(reversible process)</u>，导致从一个平衡态$\\mathbf { X } _ { 1 }$到另一个平衡态$\\mathbf { X } _ { 2 } .$的转变，是一条参数曲线$\\gamma : [ t _ { 1 } , t _ { 2 } ]  K$，使得$\\gamma ( t _ { 1 } ) = \\mathbf { x } _ { 1 }$且$\\gamma ( t _ { 2 } ) = \\mathbf { x } _ { 2 }$。由于该曲线经过一系列连续的平衡态，应认为它发生得无限缓慢，且其参数$t$不应等同于真实时间。例如，带有活塞的气缸中的气体，若活塞被极其缓慢地抽出，以致对气体的影响是可逆的，则将经历准静态转变。若活塞被迅速抽出，则作用是不可逆的，因为会出现非平衡的中间态，其中气体发生旋涡和涡流，在整个容器内产生压强和密度不均匀的区域。对于绝热容器中的气体或液体，'搅拌器'的作用也是如此——你永远无法'取消搅拌'加入茶杯中的牛奶或糖。系统从一个状态出发的不可逆转变，不能由平衡态流形$K$中的参数曲线表示。无论转变是可逆的还是不可逆的，我们假定总有一个与之相关的确定量$\\Delta W$，称为系统所做的功。对系统所做的功定义为该量的负值，$- \\Delta W$",
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