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        "quote": "> [!example] <a class=\"object-permalink\" href=\"#example-2-13\">例 2.13</a> \n>\n> 设 $\\mathsf{J}$ 为 $2n\\times2n$ 矩阵\n>\n> $$\n> \\mathsf{J}=\\begin{pmatrix}\\mathsf{O}&\\mathsf{I}\\\\-\\mathsf{I}&\\mathsf{O}\\end{pmatrix},\n> $$\n>\n> 其中 $\\mathsf{O}$ 和 $\\mathsf{I}$ 分别是 $n\\times n$ 零矩阵和单位矩阵。若 $2n\\times2n$ 实矩阵 $\\mathsf{A}$ 满足\n>\n> <span id=\"equation-2-11\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> $$\n> \\mathsf{A}^{T}\\mathsf{J}\\mathsf{A}=\\mathsf{J},\\tag{2.11}\n> $$\n>\n> 就称它为<u id=\"concept-2-symplectic-matrix\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9452675b-d56a-4a38-90c9-9efa189f3d94\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9452675b-d56a-4a38-90c9-9efa189f3d94\">辛矩阵(symplectic matrix)</u>。证明这些矩阵组成群的方法与刚才证明 $O(p,q)$ 的方法基本相同。由于 $\\det\\mathsf{J}=1$，<a href=\"#equation-2-11\" class=\"cross-reference\" id=\"xref-03-matrix-groups-13\" data-reference=\"equation-2-11\">式 (2.11)</a> 立即给出 $\\det\\mathsf{A}=\\pm1$，因此 $\\mathsf{A}$ 非奇异。这一群记作 $Sp(2n)$，称为$2n$ 阶<u id=\"concept-2-symplectic-group\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\">辛群(symplectic group)</u>。",
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        "quote": "在后续章节中，我们还会遇到其他矩阵李群，例如[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" id=\"first-72b4367d38b0209600ee-zh\">辛群(symplectic group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group) $Sp(2d,\\mathbf{R})$（见[第 16 章](../chapter-16/index#section-16)），以及[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/pseudo-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:5a7c372b-6b23-4115-8129-84b5fad3a591\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-5a7c372b-6b23-4115-8129-84b5fad3a591\" id=\"first-fbac5a9241c08a68d2e9-zh\">伪正交群(pseudo-orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/pseudo-orthogonal-group) $O(r,s)$（见[第 29 章](../chapter-29/index#section-29)）。",
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        "quote": "In later chapters, we will encounter other examples of matrix Lie groups, including the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" id=\"first-72b4367d38b0209600ee-en\">symplectic group</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group) $Sp(2d,\\mathbf{R})$ (see [chapter 16](../chapter-16/index#section-16)) and the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/pseudo-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:5a7c372b-6b23-4115-8129-84b5fad3a591\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-5a7c372b-6b23-4115-8129-84b5fad3a591\" id=\"first-0574d9cae79869b5978c-en\">pseudo-orthogonal groups</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/pseudo-orthogonal-group) $O(r,s)$ (see [chapter 29](../chapter-29/index#section-29)).",
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        "quote": "二次齐次多项式与一次齐次多项式之间的非零泊松括号，体现了[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\">辛群(symplectic group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group)通过自同构作用于海森堡群这一事实。这个事实的重要性会在后续章节中逐渐显现：我们将看到辛李代数中的一些有趣可观测量，它们是 $Q_j$ 和 $P_j$ 的二次式，不仅作用于态，也会非平凡地作用于 $Q_j$ 和 $P_j$ 这些可观测量本身。",
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        "quote": "The nonzero Poisson brackets between homogeneous polynomials of degrees two and one reflect the fact that the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\">symplectic group</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group) acts by automorphisms on the Heisenberg group. The importance of this fact will become clear in later chapters. There we will encounter interesting observables from the symplectic Lie algebra that are quadratic in $Q_j$ and $P_j$ and act nontrivially not only on states but also on the observables $Q_j$ and $P_j$ themselves.",
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        "quote": "\n\n> [!definition] 定义（辛群）\n> [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\">辛群(symplectic group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group) $\\mathrm{Sp}(2d,\\mathbf R)$ 是 $\\mathcal M=\\mathbf R^{2d}$ 上保持 $\\Omega$ 的线性变换 $g$ 所构成的子群，即满足\n>\n> $$\n> \\Omega(gv_1,gv_2)=\\Omega(v_1,v_2)\n> $$\n>\n> 对所有 $v_1,v_2\\in\\mathcal M$ 都成立。\n",
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        "quote": "\n> [!definition] Definition (Symplectic group)\n> The [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-459d2b29-b1f3-4298-b1f9-2df232c37b62\">symplectic group</u>](../../../../../concepts/lie-theory/symplectic-group) $\\mathrm{Sp}(2d,\\mathbf R)$ is the subgroup of linear transformations $g$ of $\\mathcal M=\\mathbf R^{2d}$ satisfying\n>\n> $$\n> \\Omega(gv_1,gv_2)=\\Omega(v_1,v_2)\n> $$\n>\n> for all $v_1,v_2\\in\\mathcal M$.\n",
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