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        "quote": "圆群可以与平面 $\\mathbf { R } ^ { 2 }$ 的旋转群等同；在这种情况下，它称为[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" id=\"first-387cdcc61313734cef62-zh\">特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(2)$（原因见第 4 章）。不过，将 $\\mathbf { R } ^ { 2 }$ 与复平面 $\\mathbf{C}$ 等同起来，并改用下面这个与 $SO(2)$ 同构的群，会更方便：",
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        "quote": "The circle group can be identified with the group of rotations of the plane $\\mathbf { R } ^ { 2 }$; in this form, it is called the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" id=\"first-387cdcc61313734cef62-en\">special orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO( 2 )$, for reasons discussed in chapter 4. It is quite convenient, however, to identify $\\mathbf { R } ^ { 2 }$ with the complex plane $\\mathbf{C}$ and work with the following group (which is isomorphic to $SO( 2 )$):\n<span id=\"first-8ec13ed0164c6883c5c9-en\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>",
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        "quote": "$O(n)$ 中行列式为 $1$ 的矩阵构成子群 $SO(n)$，也就是保持正交基定向的变换群；它称为[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group)。",
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      "label": "特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)",
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        "quote": "回忆一下，[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $O(n)$ 是 $GL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ 中满足 $\\Omega^T=\\Omega^{-1}$ 的矩阵 $\\Omega$ 的子群。我们下面只讨论[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(n)$，即由行列式为 $1$ 的矩阵构成的子群。它是 $O(n)$ 中包含单位元的连通分支，其元素可以写成",
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        "quote": "Recall that the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $O(n)$ is the subgroup of $GL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ of matrices $\\Omega$ satisfying $\\Omega^T=\\Omega^{-1}$. We will restrict attention to the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">special orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(n)$, the subgroup of matrices with determinant $1$, which is the component of the group containing the identity, with elements that can be written as",
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      "label": "特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)",
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        "quote": "> [!recall]- 回顾：特殊正交群 → [原定义](02-lie-algebras-of-the-orthogonal-and-unitary-groups#concept-5-special-orthogonal-group) <span id=\"source-block-5117\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n> - [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(n)\\subset SL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ 是 $O(n)$ 中行列式为 $1$ 的子群。它与 $O(n)$ 具有相同的李代数：$\\mathfrak{so}(n)=\\mathfrak{o}(n)$。",
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      "label": "special orthogonal group",
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        "quote": "> [!recall]- Recall: special orthogonal group → [original definition](02-lie-algebras-of-the-orthogonal-and-unitary-groups#concept-5-special-orthogonal-group) <span id=\"source-block-5117\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n> - The [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">special orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(n)\\subset SL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ is the subgroup of $O(n)$ with determinant one. It has the same Lie algebra as $O(n)$: $\\mathfrak{so}(n)=\\mathfrak{o}(n)$.",
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      "label": "特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)",
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        "quote": "二维平面中绕原点的旋转由[<u id=\"concept-6-special-orthogonal-group\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-id=\"concept-6-special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(2)$ 的元素表示。逆时针旋转角度 $\\theta$ 对应的旋转矩阵为：",
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        "quote": "Rotations in $\\mathbf R^2$ about the origin are elements of the [<u id=\"concept-6-special-orthogonal-group\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-id=\"concept-6-special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">special orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(2)$. A counterclockwise rotation by angle $\\theta$ is represented by the matrix",
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