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        "quote": "因此，对于所有置换，要么 $P | \\psi \\rangle = | \\psi \\rangle \\operatorname { o r } P | \\psi \\rangle = ( - 1 ) ^ { P } | \\psi \\rangle$ 。在第一种情形中，$p _ { i j } = 1$ 该状态称为对称的，这些粒子称为 <u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:97d3aaf4-eaff-44bf-9f79-29b5b6749422\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-97d3aaf4-eaff-44bf-9f79-29b5b6749422\" id=\"first-9b1589d89dfd5a52ab6d-zh\">玻色子(boson)</u> ，或者说服从玻色–爱因斯坦统计。若 $p _ { i j } = - 1$ 该状态是反对称的，则这些粒子称为 <u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:98f78d2b-8094-41b8-a6bb-713325f793a0\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-98f78d2b-8094-41b8-a6bb-713325f793a0\" id=\"first-19533ec6c0c0ffb4239c-zh\">费米子(fermion)</u> ，并服从费米–狄拉克统计。结果表明，玻色子总是整数自旋的粒子，例如光子或介子，而费米子，例如电子或质子，总是具有半整数自旋。这被称为自旋–统计定理，但超出了本书的范围（例如，见 [9]）。",
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        "quote": "Thus for all permutations either $P | \\psi \\rangle = | \\psi \\rangle \\operatorname { o r } P | \\psi \\rangle = ( - 1 ) ^ { P } | \\psi \\rangle$ . In the first case, $p _ { i j } = 1$ the state is said to be symmetrical and the particles are called <u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:97d3aaf4-eaff-44bf-9f79-29b5b6749422\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-97d3aaf4-eaff-44bf-9f79-29b5b6749422\" id=\"first-e6107de2af9b0ac4db43-en\">bosons</u> or to obey Bose– Einstein statistics. If $p _ { i j } = - 1$ the state is antisymmetrical, the particles are said to be <u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:98f78d2b-8094-41b8-a6bb-713325f793a0\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-98f78d2b-8094-41b8-a6bb-713325f793a0\" id=\"first-e85a10c313130665f222-en\">fermions</u> and obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. It turns out that bosons are always particles of integral spin such as photons or mesons, while fermions such as electrons or protons always have half-integral spin. This is known as the spin-statistics theorem, but lies beyond the scope of this book (see, for example, [9]).",
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