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        "quote": "\n\n> [!definition] Definition · <span class=\"definition-name\">Orthogonal group</span>\n> <span id=\"source-block-162\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> <span class=\"author-definition-label\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Definition (<u id=\"concept-4-orthogonal-group\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-id=\"concept-4-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">Orthogonal group</u>). </span>The orthogonal group $O ( n )$ in $n$ dimensions is the group of invertible transformations preserving an inner product on a real $n$ dimensional vector space $V$ . This is isomorphic to the group of $n$ by $n$ real invertible matrices $L$ satisfying\n>\n> <span id=\"source-block-163\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> $$\n> L ^ {- 1} = L ^ {T}\n> $$\n",
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        "quote": "\n\n> [!definition] Definition · <span class=\"definition-name\">Orthogonal group</span>\n> <span id=\"source-block-162\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> <span class=\"author-definition-label\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Definition (<u id=\"concept-4-orthogonal-group\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-id=\"concept-4-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">Orthogonal group</u>). </span>The orthogonal group $O ( n )$ in $n$ dimensions is the group of invertible transformations preserving an inner product on a real $n$ dimensional vector space $V$ . This is isomorphic to the group of $n$ by $n$ real invertible matrices $L$ satisfying\n>\n> <span id=\"source-block-163\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> $$\n> L ^ {- 1} = L ^ {T}\n> $$\n",
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        "quote": "\n> [!definition] 定义 · <span class=\"definition-name\">正交群(orthogonal group)</span>\n> <span id=\"source-block-162\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> <span class=\"author-definition-label\" aria-hidden=\"true\">定义（<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-id=\"concept-4-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-role=\"definition\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>）。</span>$n$维正交群$O ( n )$是保持实$n$维向量空间$V$上内积的可逆变换构成的群。它同构于满足下式的 $n$ 乘 $n$ 实可逆矩阵 $L$ 所构成的群\n>\n> <span id=\"source-block-163\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>\n>\n> $$\n> L ^ {- 1} = L ^ {T}\n> $$\n",
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        "quote": "我们最感兴趣的是保持内积的线性变换群：[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group)与[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/unitary-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:98d3a096-7153-450f-9725-091ca1eea20c\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-98d3a096-7153-450f-9725-091ca1eea20c\">酉群(unitary group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/unitary-group)。我们已经看到，正交群是 ${ \\cal G L } ( n , { \\bf R } )$ 的子群，酉群是 $G L ( n , \\mathbf { C } )$ 的子群；它们的元素 $\\Omega$ 均满足下式",
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        "quote": "The groups we are most interested in are the groups of linear transformations preserving an inner product: the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) and [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/unitary-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:98d3a096-7153-450f-9725-091ca1eea20c\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-98d3a096-7153-450f-9725-091ca1eea20c\">unitary group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/unitary-group). We have seen that these are subgroups of ${ \\cal G L } ( n , { \\bf R } )$ or $G L ( n , \\mathbf { C } )$ , consisting of those elements $\\Omega$ satisfying the condition",
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        "quote": "回忆一下，[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $O(n)$ 是 $GL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ 中满足 $\\Omega^T=\\Omega^{-1}$ 的矩阵 $\\Omega$ 的子群。我们下面只讨论[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">特殊正交群(special orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(n)$，即由行列式为 $1$ 的矩阵构成的子群。它是 $O(n)$ 中包含单位元的连通分支，其元素可以写成",
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        "quote": "Recall that the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $O(n)$ is the subgroup of $GL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ of matrices $\\Omega$ satisfying $\\Omega^T=\\Omega^{-1}$. We will restrict attention to the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-7a686007-0c2d-47df-a759-19577bea6f55\">special orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/special-orthogonal-group) $SO(n)$, the subgroup of matrices with determinant $1$, which is the component of the group containing the identity, with elements that can be written as",
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        "quote": "- [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $O(n)\\subset GL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ 由满足 $\\Omega^T=\\Omega^{-1}$ 的 $n\\times n$ 实矩阵 $\\Omega$ 构成。其李代数 $\\mathfrak{o}(n)$ 由满足 $X^T=-X$ 的 $n\\times n$ 实矩阵构成。",
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        "quote": "- The [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $O(n)\\subset GL(n,\\mathbf{R})$ consists of $n\\times n$ real matrices $\\Omega$ satisfying $\\Omega^T=\\Omega^{-1}$. Its Lie algebra $\\mathfrak{o}(n)$ consists of $n\\times n$ real matrices $X$ satisfying $X^T=-X$.",
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      "chapter": "6",
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      "label": "正交群(orthogonal group)",
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        "quote": "[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $\\mathrm{SO}(n)$ 有一个微妙而引人注目的性质：存在一个与之相关联的群，称为[<u id=\"concept-6-spin\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/group-theory/spin-group\" data-concept-id=\"concept-6-spin\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:8adadd91-0a76-4463-a472-62ff66c5bfb3\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-8adadd91-0a76-4463-a472-62ff66c5bfb3\">自旋群(spin group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/group-theory/spin-group) $\\operatorname{Spin}(n)$；$\\mathrm{SO}(n)$ 的每个元素都对应 $\\operatorname{Spin}(n)$ 中恰好两个不同元素。存在一个满射",
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      "route": "books/woit-qtgr/2025-10-20/en/chapter-06/02-spin-groups-in-three-and-four-dimensions",
      "anchor": "source-6-spin-group",
      "chapter": "6",
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      "label": "orthogonal groups",
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        "quote": "A subtle and remarkable property of the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">orthogonal groups</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) $\\mathrm{SO}(n)$ is that it comes with an associated group, called the [<u id=\"concept-6-spin\" class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/group-theory/spin-group\" data-concept-id=\"concept-6-spin\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:8adadd91-0a76-4463-a472-62ff66c5bfb3\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-8adadd91-0a76-4463-a472-62ff66c5bfb3\">spin group</u>](../../../../../concepts/group-theory/spin-group) $\\operatorname{Spin}(n)$, such that every element of $\\mathrm{SO}(n)$ corresponds to two distinct elements of $\\operatorname{Spin}(n)$. There is a surjective [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/group-theory/group-homomorphism\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:3e749de6-9d6f-43ea-a6de-ddff7c549a00\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-3e749de6-9d6f-43ea-a6de-ddff7c549a00\">group homomorphism</u>](../../../../../concepts/group-theory/group-homomorphism)",
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      "lang": "zh-CN",
      "route": "books/woit-qtgr/2025-10-20/zh/chapter-16/01-the-symplectic-group",
      "anchor": "section-16-1",
      "chapter": "16",
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        "quote": "[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">正交群(orthogonal group)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group)由保持内积的[<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/linear-map\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:4702877e-2ad4-4875-8a27-ef99339c8553\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-4702877e-2ad4-4875-8a27-ef99339c8553\">线性变换(linear map)</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/linear-map)组成；内积是一种对称双线性形式。现在，我们考察将内积替换为反对称双线性形式 $\\Omega$ 后得到的类似群；$\\Omega$ 决定了相空间的辛几何。定义如下：\n<span id=\"first-ca77d6cb966fe643aba7-zh\" class=\"block-anchor\"></span>",
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      "route": "books/woit-qtgr/2025-10-20/en/chapter-16/01-the-symplectic-group",
      "anchor": "section-16-1",
      "chapter": "16",
      "section": "16.1",
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      "role": "occurrence",
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      "label": "orthogonal group",
      "context": {
        "range": [
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        "quote": "Recall that the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9c0cba6a-c2b4-4c44-b15e-b04e84d239af\">orthogonal group</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/orthogonal-group) consists of the [<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-reference=\"concepts/linear-algebra/linear-map\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:9d1874b8-6c8c-465e-849a-f2ddc348d3d0\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-9d1874b8-6c8c-465e-849a-f2ddc348d3d0\" id=\"first-8e4012da08917067c3b4-en\">linear transformations</u>](../../../../../concepts/linear-algebra/linear-map) that preserve an inner product, a symmetric bilinear form. We now consider the analogous group obtained by replacing the inner product with the antisymmetric bilinear form $\\Omega$ that determines the symplectic geometry of phase space. It is defined as follows:",
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