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        "quote": "我们假定每个粒子都附有一个常标量 $m$，称为其 <u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:abba4ed9-ce64-4c31-b396-9603c74a21d9\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-abba4ed9-ce64-4c31-b396-9603c74a21d9\" id=\"first-aca6b970c0a074c62ef2-zh\">静止质量(rest mass)</u>。这可以看作是该粒子在瞬时静止系中的牛顿质量，在该系中对于任意施加的力 $F$ 都满足牛顿第二定律 $\\mathbf { F } = m \\mathbf { a }$。粒子的 <u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:c3b42b3b-ad25-42f3-96f7-5642573c8462\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-c3b42b3b-ad25-42f3-96f7-5642573c8462\" id=\"first-bcf9c0b6ea6f972159e5-zh\">四维动量(4-momentum)</u> 定义为具有分量 $P ^ { \\mu } = m V ^ { \\mu }$ 的四维向量，其中 $V = V ^ { \\mu } e _ { \\mu }$ 是该粒子的四维速度，",
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