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        "quote": "正如普朗克和爱因斯坦在二十世纪之交所发现的，光束由称为<u class=\"concept-term\" data-concept-identity=\"urn:uuid:f04b510e-b8bd-425c-8eb1-73dd541662f9\" data-concept-route=\"/concept-identities#concept-f04b510e-b8bd-425c-8eb1-73dd541662f9\" id=\"first-b55a62f84298838c3801-zh\">光子(photon)</u>的离散包组成，其能量为$E = h \\nu = \\hbar \\omega $，其中$h \\approx 6 . 6 2 5 \\times 1 0 ^ { - 2 7 } \\mathrm { g } \\mathrm { c m } ^ { 2 } \\mathrm { s } ^ { - 1 }$是普朗克常数，$\\hbar = h / 2 \\pi$。如果我们一次一个光子地将光束发送通过偏振器，会发生什么？由于每个光子的频率不变，它出射时具有相同的能量，并且由于光束的强度与能量相关，这必然意味着光子数减少了。然而，最明显的结论——即光束由光子混合物组成，其中一部分$| \\alpha | ^ { 2 }$偏振在$\\mathbf { e } _ { x }$方向，$| \\beta | ^ { 2 }$偏振在$\\mathbf { e } _ { \\nu }$方向——经不起仔细推敲。因为，如果将具有$\\alpha = \\beta = 1 / \\sqrt { 2 }$的光束通过一个设计为仅透射在$( \\mathbf { e } _ { x } + \\mathbf { e } _ { y } ) / \\sqrt { 2 }$方向上线偏振的波的偏振器，那么它应该100%被透射。然而，根据混合物假设，只有一半的$\\mathbf { e } _ { x }$偏振光子应该通过，一半的$\\mathbf { e } _ { y } { \\ - } \\mathsf { p o l a r i z e d }$光子，留下总共$\\begin{array} { r } { { \\frac { 1 } { 2 } } \\cdot { \\frac { 1 } { 2 } } + { \\frac { 1 } { 2 } } \\cdot { \\frac { 1 } { 2 } } = { \\frac { 1 } { 2 } } } \\end{array}$的分数被透射。",
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