Woit · §40.1 Minkowski space
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Digression (Upper and lower indices). In many physics texts it is conventional in discussions of special relativity to write formulas using both upper and lower indices, related by
with the last form of this using the Einstein summation convention.
One motivation for introducing both upper and lower indices is that special relativity is a limiting case of general relativity, which is a fully geometrical theory based on taking space-time to be a manifold with a metric g that varies from point to point. In such a theory it is important to distinguish between elements of the tangent space at a point and elements of its dual, the co-tangent space , while using the fact that the metric g provides an inner product on and thus an isomorphism . In the special relativity case, this distinction between and just comes down to an issue of signs, but the upper and lower index notation is useful for keeping track of those.
A second motivation is that position and momenta naturally live in dual vector spaces, so one would like to distinguish between the vector space of positions and the dual vector space of momenta. In the case though of a vector space like which comes with a fixed inner product , this inner product gives a fixed identification of and its dual, an identification that is also an identification as representations of the Lorentz group. Given this fixed identification, we will not here try and distinguish by notation whether a vector is in or its dual, so will just use lower indices, not both upper and lower indices.
来源与版本
正文:英文 OCR 草稿
来源版本:2025-10-20
原文位置:§40.1;PDF 页 443、444;印刷页 426、427
处理记录:MinerU OCR
核对状态:英文 OCR 草稿 · 待校对
中文机译草稿
Author-named discussion; machine draft source identity and human-review status are preserved.
机器草稿中的相关讨论摘录
题外话(上指标与下指标)。在许多物理学文献中,在讨论狭义相对论时,习惯上使用上指标和下指标来书写公式,二者通过以下关系相联系:
其中最后一个形式使用了爱因斯坦求和约定。
引入上指标与下指标的一个动机是:狭义相对论是广义相对论的极限情形,而广义相对论是一种完全几何化的理论,其基础是把时空视为一个流形 ,并带有一个逐点变化的度量 。在这样的理论中,重要的是区分点 处的切空间 的元素与其对偶余切空间 的元素,同时利用度量 在 上给出一个内积,从而给出一个同构 这一事实。在狭义相对论的情形中, 与 之间的这种区分仅仅归结为一个符号问题,但上指标与下指标记号对于跟踪这些符号很有用。
第二个动机是位置与动量自然地生活在对偶向量空间中,因此人们希望区分位置向量空间与动量的对偶向量空间。然而,对于像这样带有固定内积的向量空间,这个内积给出了与其对偶的一个固定等同,这个等同同时也是作为洛伦兹群的表示的等同。鉴于这个固定的等同,我们在此不会试图通过记号来区分一个向量是在中还是在其对偶中,因此将只使用下指标,而不是同时使用上指标和下指标。
来源与版本
正文:中文机译草稿
来源版本:2025-10-20
原文位置:§40.1;PDF 页 443、444;印刷页 426、427
处理记录:MinerU OCR;machine-translation/deepseek-v4.1-flash
核对状态:中文机译草稿 · 待校对