本书暂定概念:尚未进入正式概念库。下面是本书给出的定义原文。
定义 · 定义 7.3
设 是 中的一点,考虑 处的闭回路之集 。取向量 ,沿曲线 对 作平行移动。沿 走完一圈后,我们得到一个新向量 。于是,回路 与联络 诱导出一个线性变换
这些变换构成的集合记作 ,称为 处的和乐群(holonomy group)。
我们假定 从右作用在 上,即 ()。写成分量形式便是 ,其中 是 的基。容易看出 构成一个群。乘积 对应于先沿 、再沿 的平行移动。若记 ,则回路 由下式给出
单位元对应于常值映射 (),而 的逆由 给出,其中 。注意 是 的子群,后者是可能的最大和乐群。 平凡当且仅当黎曼张量为零。特别地,若 可平行化(见例 7.2),我们就能使 成为平凡的。
若 是(弧)连通的,则任意两点 都可由一条曲线 相连。曲线 通过把 中的向量沿 平行移动到 ,定义了一个映射 。于是和乐群 与 之间满足
从而 与 同构。
一般地,和乐群是 的子群。若 是度量联络,则 保持向量的长度不变,即对 有 。此时,若 是可定向的黎曼流形,和乐群必为 的子群;若它是可定向的洛伦兹流形,则必为 的子群。
英文原文
Let be a point in and consider the set of closed loops at , . Take a vector and parallel transport along a curve . After a trip along , we end up with a new vector . Thus, the loop and the connection induce a linear transformation
The set of these transformations is denoted by and is called the holonomy group at .
We assume that acts on from the right, ( ). In components, this becomes , being the basis of . It is easy to see that is a group. The product corresponds to parallel transport along first and then . If we write , the loop is given by
The unit element corresponds to the constant map ( ) and the inverse of is given by , where . Note that is a subgroup of , which is the maximal holonomy group possible. is trivial if and only if the Riemann tensor vanishes. In particular, if is parallelizable (see example 7.2), we can make trivial.
If is (arccwise-)connected, any two points are connected by a curve . The curve defines a map by parallel transporting a vector in to along . Then the holonomy groups and are related by
hence is isomorphic to .
In general, the holonomy group is a subgroup of . If is a metric connection, preserves the length of a vector, for . Then the holonomy group must be a subgroup of if is orientable and Riemannian and if it is orientable and Lorentzian.
出处:7.5 和乐 · node a-755b9c201c6bb672ac93d6ee · 源节点 SHA-256 0103bee163476395…