Woit · §25.5 Normal ordering and the anomaly in finite dimensions
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§25.5 explicitly recalls §15.3 and discusses the removable finite-dimensional case of the moment-map anomaly.
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The normal ordered operators fail to give a Lie algebra homomorphism when extended to sp(2d, ), but this failure is just by a constant term. Recall from section 15.3 that even at the classical level, there was an ambiguity of a constant in the choice of a moment map which in principle could lead to an “anomaly”, a situation where the moment map failed to be a Lie algebra homomorphism by a constant term. The situation here is that this potential anomaly is removable, by the shift
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正文:英文 OCR 草稿
来源版本:2025-10-20
原文位置:§25.5;PDF 页 305;印刷页 288
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§25.5 explicitly recalls §15.3 and discusses the removable finite-dimensional case of the moment-map anomaly.
机器草稿中的相关讨论摘录
当正规序算符延拓到 sp(2d, ) 时,它们不能给出一个李代数同态,但这种失败仅由一个常数项造成。回忆 15.3 节,即使在经典层面,矩映射的选取中也存在一个常数的不确定性,这原则上可能导致一种“反常”,即矩映射因一个常数项而不能成为李代数同态的情形。这里的情形是,这种潜在的反常可以通过平移消除,
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正文:中文机译草稿
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原文位置:§25.5;PDF 页 305;印刷页 288
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Woit · §15.3 Group actions on M and the moment map
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§15.3 explicitly names this moment-map obstruction an anomaly.
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Even when a function exists such that , it is only unique up to a constant, since and will give the same vector field. To get a moment map, we need to be able to choose these constants in such a way that the map
is a Lie algebra homomorphism from g to the Lie algebra of functions on . When this is possible, the G-action is said to be a Hamiltonian G-action. When such a choice of constants is not possible, the G-action on the classical phase space is said to have an “anomaly”.
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正文:英文 OCR 草稿
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原文位置:§15.3;PDF 页 196;印刷页 179
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第15.3节明确把矩映射的这一障碍称为反常。
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即使存在函数 使得 ,它也仅在相差一个常数的意义下唯一,因为 和 将给出相同的向量场。为得到矩映射,我们需要能够以这样的方式选择这些常数,使得该映射
是从 到 上函数构成的李代数的一个李代数同态。当这成为可能时,该 -作用称为哈密顿 -作用。当这样的常数选择不可能时,经典相空间上的该 -作用称为具有“反常”。
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正文:中文机译草稿
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原文位置:§15.3;PDF 页 196;印刷页 179
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Woit · §39.3 The anomaly and the Schwinger term
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Author-named discussion; machine draft source identity and human-review status are preserved.
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The Schwinger term causes a problem with the standard expectation that given some group acting on the phase space preserving the Poisson bracket, one should get a unitary representation of on the quantum state space . This problem is sometimes called the “anomaly”, meaning that the expected unitary Lie algebra representation does not exist (due to extra scalar terms in the commutation relations). Recall from section 15.3 that this potential problem was already visible at the classical level, in the fact that given the corresponding moment map is only well-defined up to a constant. While for the finite dimensional cases we studied, the constants could be chosen so as to make the map
a Lie algebra homomorphism, that turns out to no longer be true for the case acting on an infinite dimensional phase space. The potential problem of the anomaly is thus already visible classically, but it is only when one constructs the quantum theory and thus a representation on the state space that one can see whether the problem cannot be removed by a constant shift in the representation operators. This situation, despite its classical origin, is sometimes characterized as a form of symmetry-breaking due to the quantization procedure.
Note that this problem will not occur for G that commute with the complex structure, since for these the normal ordered Lie algebra representation operators will be a true representation of . We will call the subgroup of elements that commute with exactly, not just up to a Hilbert-Schmidt operator. It turns out that for most of the cases we are interested in, allowing construction of the Lie algebra representation by normal ordered quadratic combinations of the annihilation and creation operators (as in 25.6). Also note that since normal ordering just shifts operators by something proportional to a constant, when this constant is finite there will be no anomaly since one can get operators with correct commutators by such a finite shift of the normal ordered ones. The anomaly is an inherently infinite dimensional problem since it is only then that infinite shifts are necessary. When the anomaly does appear, it will appear as a phase-ambiguity in the group representation operators (not just a sign ambiguity as in finite dimensional case of Sp(2d, )), and H will be a projective representation of the group (a representation up to phase).
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正文:英文 OCR 草稿
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原文位置:§39.3;PDF 页 438、439;印刷页 421、422
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Author-named discussion; machine draft source identity and human-review status are preserved.
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Schwinger项给一个标准预期带来了问题:给定某个保持泊松括号作用于相空间的群,人们应当得到在量子态空间上的一个酉表示。这个问题有时被称为“反常”,意思是所预期的李代数酉表示不存在(由于对易关系中的额外标量项)。回顾15.3节,这一潜在问题在经典层面就已经可见,其事实是:给定,相应的矩映射仅在一个常数范围内有定义。而对于我们所研究的有限维情形,可以选择这些常数,使得该映射
一个李代数同态,但对于 作用于无限维相空间的情形,这一点不再成立。因此,反常的潜在问题在经典层面就已可见,但只有当人们构造量子理论并因而在状态空间上构造一个表示时,才能看出该问题是否无法通过表示算符的常数平移来消除。这种情况尽管起源于经典,有时却被刻画为一种由量子化程序导致的对称性破缺形式。
注意,对于与复结构对易的 来说,这个问题不会出现,因为对于这些对象,正规序李代数表示算符将是 的一个真实表示。我们将把与 精确对易、而不仅仅是在模 Hilbert-Schmidt 算符意义下对易的元素构成的子群称为 。结果表明,在我们所关注的大多数情形中都有 ,从而允许通过湮灭算符与产生算符的正规序二次组合来构造李代数表示(如 25.6 中那样)。还要注意,由于正规序只是将算符平移一个与常数成比例的量,当这个常数有限时就不会出现反常,因为可以通过对正规序算符作这样的有限平移来得到具有正确对易子的算符。反常本质上是一个无限维问题,因为只有在这种情况下才需要无限平移。当反常确实出现时,它将表现为群表示算符中的相位模糊性(而不仅仅是 Sp(2d, ) 的有限维情形中那样的符号模糊性),并且 将是该群的一个射影表示(一个在相位意义下的表示)。
来源与版本
正文:中文机译草稿
来源版本:2025-10-20
原文位置:§39.3;PDF 页 438、439;印刷页 421、422
处理记录:MinerU OCR;machine-translation/deepseek-v4.1-flash
核对状态:中文机译草稿 · 待校对