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Woit · 2025-10-20
已登记出处中的最早位置:§7.4 · zh-CN。
来源短摘录与定位
§7.4 · zh-CN · machine_draft · machine-draft-not-reviewed
拓展
还可以从另一角度看 :分两步构造 对复数乘法的商。乘以实数会改变态的归一化;我们常利用这一自由度,把态取为满足下式的归一化态:
这些归一化态是 中的单位向量,可由单位球面 上的点表示。
接下来还要商去相位乘法的作用,也就是把只相差一个 因子的 中的点视为等同。所得空间常记为 。相位作用的轨道是彼此不相交的圆;这种以圆为纤维的结构称为Hopf 纤维化(Hopf fibration)。可以在网上搜索相关几何图像:将无穷远点加入三维空间得到 ,会得到一种由互不相交曲线构成的奇妙分解。
§7.4 · en · machine_draft · machine-draft-not-reviewed
Digression
One can construct the quotient defining in two steps. Multiplication by a real scalar changes the normalization of a state, so we can use this freedom to work with normalized states satisfying:
These normalized states are unit vectors in , represented by points on the unit sphere .
We must still quotient by multiplication by a phase, identifying points of that differ by a factor . The resulting space is often written . Its circle fibers are disjoint orbits of the phase action, and this structure is called the Hopf fibration. Try searching online for visualizations of this geometry: adding a point at infinity to three-dimensional space gives , which is surprisingly decomposed into disjoint curves.