别名:fermions
按作者与版本查阅
以下按已登记位置排列。出现顺序、原文引用与已登记依赖分别展示;最早位置不代表全书首次定义。
Szekeres · source-snapshot-bc3404156f6e
已登记出处中的最早位置:§14.3 · zh-CN。
来源短摘录与定位
§14.3 · zh-CN · translation · unreviewed
因此,对于所有置换,要么 。在第一种情形中, 该状态称为对称的,这些粒子称为 玻色子(boson) ,或者说服从玻色–爱因斯坦统计。若 该状态是反对称的,则这些粒子称为 费米子(fermion) ,并服从费米–狄拉克统计。结果表明,玻色子总是整数自旋的粒子,例如光子或介子,而费米子,例如电子或质子,总是具有半整数自旋。这被称为自旋–统计定理,但超出了本书的范围(例如,见 [9])。
§14.3 · en · original_transcription · unreviewed
Thus for all permutations either . In the first case, the state is said to be symmetrical and the particles are called bosons or to obey Bose– Einstein statistics. If the state is antisymmetrical, the particles are said to be fermions and obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. It turns out that bosons are always particles of integral spin such as photons or mesons, while fermions such as electrons or protons always have half-integral spin. This is known as the spin-statistics theorem, but lies beyond the scope of this book (see, for example, [9]).